Enchondroma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that typically forms in the small bones of the hands and feet. These tumors usually develop during childhood or adolescence, and most cases are diagnosed between the ages of 10 and 20. While enchondromas are often harmless, they can sometimes cause discomfort or weaken the bone, increasing the risk of fractures.

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What Causes Enchondroma?

The exact cause of enchondromas remains unclear. They are not linked to injury, chemical exposure, or disease. Some experts believe they may result from:

  • An overgrowth of cartilage in the growth plates at the end of the bones.
  • Remnants of embryonic cartilage that continue to grow abnormally.

Symptoms of Enchondroma

Most enchondromas are asymptomatic and discovered accidentally on X-rays taken for unrelated reasons. However, as they grow, they may produce symptoms such as:

  • Pain or discomfort in the affected area, especially during activity
  • Swelling or enlargement of a finger or toe
  • Fractures due to bone weakening
  • Discomfort when the tumor is located under the toenail or fingernail

In rare cases, multiple enchondromas may be present, which can be associated with conditions such as:

  • Ollier’s disease
  • Maffucci syndrome (which may also involve soft tissue tumors)

Diagnosing Enchondroma

Diagnosis typically involves:

  • X-rays to identify the tumor
  • MRI or CT scans for more detailed imaging
  • Occasionally, a biopsy may be performed to rule out malignancy

Treatment Options for Enchondroma

The approach to treatment depends on the size, location, and symptoms of the tumor, as well as the patient’s age and overall health.

Observation (Non-Surgical Treatment)

If the tumor is small, stable, and not causing pain or weakening the bone, treatment may not be necessary. In such cases, your doctor may recommend:

  • Regular monitoring with periodic imaging
  • Physical exams to track any changes

Surgical Treatment

Surgery may be necessary if:

  • The tumor is painful
  • It’s causing or may cause a fracture
  • It shows signs of abnormal growth

The procedure typically involves:

  • Surgical removal (curettage) of the tumor
  • Bone grafting to support bone structure and promote healing

Recovery from surgery generally includes a short period of restricted activity and physical therapy if necessary.

When to See a Doctor

If you or your child is experiencing persistent pain in a finger or toe, especially with visible swelling or deformity, consult a physician. Early diagnosis and monitoring can help manage the condition effectively and prevent complications like fractures.

With proper care, the long-term outlook for individuals with enchondroma is generally excellent.