A bunion is a common foot deformity that affects both men and women. It develops gradually, typically starting when the big toe begins to shift inward. This misalignment of the foot causes a change in the angle of the bones at the front of the foot, eventually resulting in the distinctive bump on the side of the big toe joint.

Many people live with bunion pain for years before seeking treatment. Fortunately, there are several conservative treatments available to help alleviate the discomfort caused by bunions. In cases of severe pain, surgery is an option to correct the deformity.

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Causes of Bunions

A bunion is more than just a growth on the outside of the foot—it represents a significant shift in the bony structure of the foot. The main cause of this shift is pressure and force, often caused by tight-fitting shoes. Shoes with narrow toe boxes and sloped footbeds force the toes forward and squeeze them together. Over time, this leads to misalignment and the formation of a bunion.

Genetics and previous injuries also contribute to bunion development. Certain foot shapes increase the likelihood of bunions, and women are at a higher risk due to their preference for restrictive footwear.

Symptoms of Bunions

The most noticeable symptom of a bunion is the bony bump on the outside of the base of the big toe. Other symptoms at the site of the bunion may include:

  • Pain and tenderness
  • Inflammation
  • Numbness or a burning sensation
  • Red, calloused skin

Bunion pain tends to worsen when wearing tight shoes that crowd the toes or after standing for extended periods.

Treatment for Bunions

If a bunion is only causing cosmetic issues, no immediate treatment is necessary. However, it’s important to switch to more comfortable shoes to reduce pressure on the affected area.

For bunions causing significant pain or additional foot problems (like overlapping toes), surgery may be required. Several types of bunion surgery exist, and they typically aim to:

  • Address soft tissue changes in the foot
  • Correct misalignment of the bones in the front of the foot
  • Remove the bony bump

While surgery can provide long-term relief, recovery can be lengthy. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider to explore all treatment options before opting for surgery.